Thomas Simpson

Thomas Simpson (1710–1761) was an English mathematician who started life as a weaver and taught himself maths from borrowed books. He rose to become a respected teacher and author — living proof that you don't need a grand education to do beautiful work.

What they're known for

Simpson's rule is a small marvel of practical calculus: to estimate the area under a curve, don't bother with fiddly exact integration — just fit little parabolas over the bumps and add them up. It's surprisingly accurate, easy to do by hand, and still built into calculators and engineering software today.

Two nice twists. First, the "Simpson's rule" story is a bit unfair: the parabola trick was known to others before him, including Newton — Simpson just explained and popularised it so well that his name stuck. Second, his early life reads like an adventure: a run-in over teaching astrology in his home town supposedly forced him to flee, and he ended up scraping a living as a weaver by day and a maths tutor by night before his talent carried him to London. Not bad for a self-taught weaver.