Georg Ohm

Georg Ohm (1789–1854) was a German schoolteacher who, in his spare time and with home-made wires, uncovered the simplest and most useful rule in all of electricity. It cost him dearly at first — and made his name immortal in the end.

The headline achievement

Ohm found that for many materials, the current through them is neatly proportional to the voltage across them — the constant of proportionality being their resistance. Plot voltage against current and you get a straight line, which is exactly the kind of pattern the I–V characteristics of a component reveal. His law is so fundamental that resistance itself is measured in ohms.

When Ohm published his great result, the reception was brutal — one official dismissed it as a "web of naked fancies," and he was so discouraged he resigned his teaching post. He spent years in near-poverty before the rest of Europe caught up and realised the schoolteacher had been right all along. Decades later the scientific world made it official by naming the unit of resistance after him — a quiet revenge that outlasts every critic.